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NEP - New Economics Papers
Issue: nep-agr-2003-11-23
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NEP report on Agricultural Economics
Edited by Angelo Zago (angelo.zago@univr.it)
This document is in the public domain, please circulate to any.
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+ Warning: Access to full +
+ contents may be restricted+
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In this issue:
*( 1 ) The Rise and Fall of the Environmental Kuznets Curve
David I. Stern
*( 2 ) Survival and Growth of Individual Farm Enterprises in Transition
Economies: Empirical Evidence from Hungary
Erik Mathijs & Marian Rizov
*( 3 ) On the Political Economy of Land Reforms in the Former Soviet
Union
Johan Swinnen & Ayo Heinegg
*( 4 ) Land Rental Markets and Household Farms in Transition: Theory and
Evidence from Hungary
Johan Swinnen & Liesbet Vranken
*( 5 ) Slaughterhouse Rules: Human Error, Food Safety, and Uniformity in
Meat Packing
David A. Hennessy
*( 6 ) Technological changes in the pulp and paper industry and the role
of uniform versus selective environmental policy
Annegrete Bruvoll, Torstein Bye, Jan Larsson and Kjetil Telle
*( 7 ) Trade and the Environment in General Equilibrium: Evidence from
Developing Economies
John C. Beghin & David Roland-Holst & Dominique van du
Mensbrugghe
*( 8) Subsidies! The Other Incentive-Based Instrument: The Case of the
Conservation Reserve Program
Hong-Li Feng & Catherine L. Kling & Lyubov Kurkalova & Silvia
Secchi
*( 9 ) Lessons Learned from the Canadian Cattle Industry: National
Animal Identification and The Mad Cow
John D. Lawrence & Daryl Strohbehn & Daniel D. Loy & Reginald
Clause
*( 10 ) Modelling Health Impacts of Air Pollution and Their Valuation: An
Application to Santiago, Chile
Brad Bowland & John C. Beghin
*( 11 ) Empirical Modelling of Trade and the Environment
J. Beghin & S. Dessus & D. Roland-Holst & D. Mensbrugghe
*( 12 ) Globalisation and the Environment from a Development Perspective
J. Beghin & D. Roland-Holst & D. Mensbrugghe
*( 13 ) Estimating multiproduct cost functions when some outputs are not
produced
Quinn Weninger
*(14) Eviction Threats and Investment Incentives
Abhijit Banerjee ; Maitreesh Ghatak
*( 15 ) Social Networks and Technology Adoption in Northern Mozambique
Oriana Bandiera & Imran Rasul
*( 16 ) Land Distribution, Incentives and the Choice of Production
Techniques in Nicaragua
Oriana Bandiera
*( 17) Property Rights and Natural Resource Conservation. A Bio-Economic
Model with Numerical Illustrations from the Serengeti-
Mara Ecosystem.
Anne Borge Johannesen & Anders Skonhoft
*( 18) How to comply with environmental regulations? The role of
information
Anabela Botelho & L?gia Pinto & Isabel Rodrigues
*( 19) Effects of Economic Freedom on Growth and the Environment -
Implications for Cross-Country Analysis
Lundstr??m, Susanna
*( 20) Resource extraction activity: an intergenerational approach with
asymmetric players
Luca Grilli
*( 21) Framework for Assessing the Distribution of Financial Effects of
Environmental Policies
Bengt Kristr?m
*( 22) Economic effects of environmental concerns in forest management:
An analysis of the cost of achieving the environmental
goals
Zhou, Wenchao & Gong, Peichen
*( 23) National Income and the Environment
Geoffrey Heal & Bengt Kristr?m
*( 24) Stated Preference Methods For Environmental Valuation: A Critical
Look
Bengt Krist?m & Thomas Laitila
*( 25) Multiple-use tradeoffs in Swedish mountain region forests
Zhou, Wenchao & Gong, Peichen
*( 26) Carbon Dioxide Emissions Embodied in International Trade of Goods
Nadim Ahmad and Andrew Wyckoff
*( 27 ) A Theory of LTR Junk-food Consumption
Levy, Amnon
---------
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If you have questions, please refer to either the July/August or
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---------
*(1)
The Rise and Fall of the Environmental Kuznets Curve
David I. Stern (Department of Economics, Rensselaer
Polytechnic Institute, Troy NY 12180-3590)
Abstract: This paper chronicles the story of the environmental Kuznets
curve (EKC). The EKC proposes that indicators of environmental
degradation first rise, and then fall with increasing income per
capita. However, recent evidence shows that developing countries are
addressing environmental issues, sometimes adopting developed country
standards with a short time lag and sometimes performing better than
some wealthy countries, and that the EKC results have a very flimsy
statistical foundation. A new generation of decomposition models can
help disentangle the true relations between development and the
environment.
Downloads:
http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rpi:rpiwpe:0302&r=eff
Rensselaer Working Papers in Economics / Rensselaer Polytechnic
Institute, Department of Economics
*(2)
Survival and Growth of Individual Farm Enterprises in Transition
Economies: Empirical Evidence from Hungary
Erik Mathijs ; Marian Rizov
Abstract: The new individual farmers face the necessity to decide on how
much of their assets should be allocated to the individual farm, i.e.
what should be the size and scale of operation. Starting from the
Jovanovic?s (1982) learning model we develop a theory an implication
of which is that individual farms may begin at a small even
suboptimal scale of production and then, if merited by subsequent
performance, expand. Those farms that are successful will survive and
grow, whereas those that are not successful will remain small and may
ultimately be forced to exit from the industry. The samples of
individual farmers analyzed throughout this paper are drawn from the
1997 Farm Household Survey in Hungary. Data on several aspects of
household' s human capital, the history of farm enterprise such as
age and initial (start-up) size of the individual farm, and the
market and industry conditions are available. Our estimation results
show that older and larger farms are more likely to survive, farm
growth decreases with farm age when farm size is held constant and
that the learning considerations are important. An increase of human
capital can be expected to improve the effectiveness of a farm
operator in allocating the farm?s resources and adopting new
technologies, which should translate into higher growth and survival
rates. On the other hand, a farmer?s opportunity for employment
outside the sector also increases with his human capital, which
raises the probability of switching to part-time farming or exiting
the farm sector altogether.
JEL Codes: D1 D2 Q1
Keywords: transition economies, individual farming, enterprise survival
and growth
Downloads:
http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:lic:licosd:10101&r=eff
LICOS Discussion Papers / LICOS - Centre for Transition Economics,
K.U.Leuven
*(3)
On the Political Economy of Land Reforms in the Former Soviet
Union
Johan Swinnen ; Ayo Heinegg
Abstract: This paper provides a set of hypotheses to explain differences
in the procedures and progress of land reforms among FSU countries.
The first factor is the historical legacy of the countries and their
institutions. Demand for land privatization was weak except in
countries and regions where collectivization was imposed only after
the second World War. Another factor is technology: countries with
labor-intensive agricultural systems are characterized by more
radical land reforms and decollectivization. The domination of
nomadic pastoral grazing systems in Central Asia reinforces the
technology factor. The last factor is politics: further political
reforms may be needed as a prerequisite for progress in land reforms
in the countries lagging far behind in land reforms.
Downloads:
http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:lic:licosd:11502&r=eff
LICOS Discussion Papers / LICOS - Centre for Transition Economics,
K.U.Leuven
*(4)
Land Rental Markets and Household Farms in Transition: Theory and
Evidence from Hungary
Johan Swinnen ; Liesbet Vranken
Abstract: This paper analyses the determinants of household farms?
participation in land rental markets in transition countries and what
affects their access to land through rental markets. We derive
several theoretical hypotheses on the impact of households?
management ability, land endowment, land quality and prices,
transaction costs in the land market, rural credit and labour market
constraints. We test the hypotheses combining a representative
dataset on land rental activities of more than 1,400 Hungarian
household farms with data from the Hungarian Central Statistical
Office. We find that land rental markets reallocate land to
households with better farm management capacities and less endowed
with land. Households combine buying and renting of land to extend
their farms. The continued domination of large farm organizations in
some regions restricts household?s access to land. Rural credit and
labour market imperfections have an important impact on land rental
markets.
JEL Codes: Q12 Q15 D10 P23
Downloads:
http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:lic:licosd:12903&r=eff
LICOS Discussion Papers / LICOS - Centre for Transition Economics,
K.U.Leuven
*(5 )
Slaughterhouse Rules: Human Error, Food Safety, and Uniformity in
Meat Packing
David A. Hennessy
Abstract: http://www.econ.iastate.edu/research/publications/viewab
stract.a
sp?pid=10839
Downloads:
http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:isu:genres:10839&r=eff
Staff General Research Papers / Iowa State University, Department of
Economics
*(6)
Technological changes in the pulp and paper industry and the role
of uniform versus selective environmental policy
Annegrete Bruvoll, Torstein Bye, Jan Larsson and Kjetil Telle
(Statistics Norway)
Abstract: Although environmental regulations may imply a cost increase on
firm's conventional input factors, such regulations could stimulate
the incentives to improve factor productivity. Productivity measures
including indicators capturing environmental improvements may also
show higher or lower progress than productivity measures ignoring
environmental aspects. We apply a Malmquist productivity index
approach on micro data for the Norwegian pulp and paper industry, and
find that the overall productivity growth accounting for changes in
emissions of COD to water is higher than the growth in the
productivity measure including conventional inputs only. We find the
opposite result when including emissions of acids and climate gases
to air. This is probably due to environmental regulations with
opposing effects on different emissions. A decomposition of the
Malmquist index into a technical efficiency change factor and a
technical change component shows that the frontier technology has
changed, while the average distance to the frontier has increased.
JEL Codes: L73 O12 O14 O33 O41 Q48 R38
Keywords: Emissions; Productivity change; Paper and pulp; Malmquist
index; Frontier technology
Downloads:
http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ssb:dispap:357&r=agr
Discussion Papers / Research Department of Statistics Norway
*(7)
Trade and the Environment in General Equilibrium: Evidence from
Developing Economies
John C. Beghin ; David Roland-Holst ; Dominique van du
Mensbrugghe
Abstract: http://www.econ.iastate.edu/research/publications/viewab
stract.a
sp?pid=4090
JEL Codes: D5
Downloads:
http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:isu:genres:4090&r=agr
Staff General Research Papers / Iowa State University, Department of
Economics
*(8)
Subsidies! The Other Incentive-Based Instrument: The Case of the
Conservation Reserve Program
Hong-Li Feng ; Catherine L. Kling ; Lyubov Kurkalova ;
Silvia Secchi
Abstract: http://www.econ.iastate.edu/research/publications/viewab
stract.a
sp?pid=10796
Downloads:
http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:isu:genres:10796&r=agr
Staff General Research Papers / Iowa State University, Department of
Economics
*(9)
Lessons Learned from the Canadian Cattle Industry: National
Animal Identification and The Mad Cow
John D. Lawrence ; Daryl Strohbehn ; Daniel D. Loy ;
Reginald Clause
Abstract: http://www.econ.iastate.edu/research/publications/viewab
stract.a
sp?pid=10803
Downloads:
http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:isu:genres:10803&r=agr
Staff General Research Papers / Iowa State University, Department of
Economics
*(10)
Modelling Health Impacts of Air Pollution and Their Valuation: An
Application to Santiago, Chile
Brad Bowland ; John C. Beghin
Abstract: http://www.econ.iastate.edu/research/publications/viewab
stract.a
sp?pid=4087
JEL Codes: Q2
Downloads:
http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:isu:genres:4087&r=agr
Staff General Research Papers / Iowa State University, Department of
Economics
*(11)
Empirical Modelling of Trade and the Environment
J. Beghin ; S. Dessus ; D. Roland-Holst ; D. Mensbrugghe
Abstract: http://www.econ.iastate.edu/research/publications/viewab
stract.a
sp?pid=5385
Downloads:
http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:isu:genres:5385&r=agr
Staff General Research Papers / Iowa State University, Department of
Economics
*(12)
Globalisation and the Environment from a Development Perspective
J. Beghin ; D. Roland-Holst ; D. Mensbrugghe
Abstract: http://www.econ.iastate.edu/research/publications/viewab
stract.a
sp?pid=5384
Downloads:
http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:isu:genres:5384&r=agr
Staff General Research Papers / Iowa State University, Department of
Economics
*(13)
Estimating multiproduct cost functions when some outputs are not
produced
Quinn Weninger
Abstract: http://www.econ.iastate.edu/research/publications/viewab
stract.a
sp?pid=10830
Downloads:
http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:isu:genres:10830&r=agr
Staff General Research Papers / Iowa State University, Department of
Economics
*(14)
Eviction Threats and Investment Incentives
Abhijit Banerjee ; Maitreesh Ghatak
Abstract: We show that the effect of eviction threats on unobservable
investment effort can be positive. We demonstrate this apparently
counter-intuitive result in a model of tenancy where investment by a
tenant in the current period raises the chances of doing well in the
next period, and therefore retaining the job in the period after next
period. If the tenant earns rents, the landlord can partly substitute
eviction threats for the crop share as an incentive device. This
makes it more attractive for him to elicit investment effort.
However, there is a direct negative effect of eviction threats on the
tenant's discount factor. We find conditions under which the former
effect dominates and eviction threats can increase investment
incentives.
Keywords: Sharecropping tenancy, eviction threats, investment incentives.
Downloads:
http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cep:stidep:39&r=agr
STICERD - Distributional Analysis Research Programme Papers / Suntory and
Toyota International Centres for Economics and Related Disciplines, LSE
*(15)
Social Networks and Technology Adoption in Northern Mozambique
Oriana Bandiera ; Imran Rasul
Abstract: Despite their potentially strong impact on poverty, agricultural
innovations are often adopted slowly. Using a unique household
dataset on sunflower adoption in Mozambique, we analyse whether and
how individual adoption decisions depend upon the choices of others
in the same social networks. Since farmers anticipate that they will
share information with others, we expect farmers to be more likely to
adopt when they know many other adopters. Dynamic considerations,
however, suggest that farmers who know many adopters might
strategically delay adoption and to free-ride on the information
gathered by others. We present empirical evidence which shows that
the relationship between the probability of adoption and the number
of known adopters is shaped as an inverse-U. In line with information
sharing, the network effect is stronger for farmers who report
discussing agriculture with others. The data contains information
which is needed to ameliorate the identification issues that commonly
arise in this context. In particular social networks are precisely
identified, and in addition we can control for village heterogeneity
and endogenous group information.
Keywords: Social networks, technology adoption, information sharing.
Downloads:
http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cep:stidep:35&r=agr
STICERD - Distributional Analysis Research Programme Papers / Suntory and
Toyota International Centres for Economics and Related Disciplines, LSE
*(16)
Land Distribution, Incentives and the Choice of Production
Techniques in Nicaragua
Oriana Bandiera
Abstract: Does the distribution of land rights affect the choice of
contractible techniques? I present evidence suggesting that
Nicaraguan farmers are more likely to grow effort-intensive crops on
owned rather than on rented plots. I consider two theoretical
arguments that illustrate why property rights might matter. In the
first the farmer is subject to limited liability; in the second the
owner cannot commit to output-contingent contracts. In both cases
choices might be inefficient regardless of land distribution. The
efficiency loss, however, is lower when the farmer owns the land.
Further evidence suggests that, in this context, the inefficiency
derives from lack of commitment.
Keywords: Agricultural productivity, asymmetric information, crop choice.
Downloads:
http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cep:stidep:34&r=agr
STICERD - Distributional Analysis Research Programme Papers / Suntory and
Toyota International Centres for Economics and Related Disciplines, LSE
*(17)
Property Rights and Natural Resource Conservation. A Bio-Economic
Model with Numerical Illustrations from the Serengeti-Mara
Ecosystem.
Anne Borge Johannesen (Department of Economics, Norwegian
University of Science and Technology) ; Anders Skonhoft (Department
of Economics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology)
Abstract: This study develops a model for wildlife migrating seasonally
between a conservation area and a neighbouring area. When being
outside the conservation area, harvesting takes place by a group of
small-scale farmers. The local people have two motives for
harvesting; to get rid of ??problem?? animals as roaming wildlife
destroys crops and agricultural products, and hunting for meat and
trophies. Depending on the specification of the property rights, the
harvesting is legal or illegal. It is demonstrated that it is far
from clear which of the two property rights regimes that gives the
highest wildlife abundance. Hence, contrary to what is argued for in
the literature, handing the property rights over to the local people
means not automatically more wildlife and a more ??sustainable??
resource utilization. The reason lies in the nuisance motive for
harvesting. The exploitation under the two different property rights
regimes are illustrated by numerical calculations with data that fits
reasonable well with the exploitation of the wildebeest population in
the Serengeti-Mara ecosystem.
JEL Codes: Q21 Q28
Keywords: bio-economics; wildlife; property rights; Serengeti
Downloads:
http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nst:samfok:3503&r=agr
Working Paper Series / Department of Economics, Norwegian University of
Science and Technology
*(18)
How to comply with environmental regulations? The role of
information
Anabela Botelho (NIMA, University of Minho) ; L?gia Pinto
(NIMA, Universidade do Minho) ; Isabel Rodrigues (NIMA, Universidade
do Minho)
Abstract: The effectiveness of environmental regulation can be viewed as
conditioned by the action of at least two main agents: the regulated
firms and the public agency (the regulator). The agency??s role is,
on one hand, to enact environmental regulations and, on the other, to
monitor firms?? environmental behavior and enforce environmental
regulations. The regulated firms, on the other hand, must be informed
about the legal limits imposed on them and subsequently they must be
able to comply with those limits. Using a questionnaire on the pulp
and paper industry in Portugal we found that firms decision to comply
with environmental regulations is strongly influenced by firms??
information on its legal obligations and that this effect is stronger
for smaller firms. Moreover larger and younger firms are less likely
to comply with environmental regulations than smaller and older
firms. With respect to the public agency??s behavior, we found that
greater monitoring efforts are directed towards larger and younger
firms, as well as towards those firms most likely to cause higher
pollution levels.
Downloads:
http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nim:nimawp:25&r=agr
Working Papers / N??cleo de Investiga????o em Microeconomia Aplicada (NIMA),
Universidade do Minho
*(19)
Effects of Economic Freedom on Growth and the Environment -
Implications for Cross-Country Analysis
Lundstr??m, Susanna (Department of Economics, School of
Economics and Commercial Law, G??teborg University)
Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to discuss the effects of specific
economic freedom categories on both economic growth and the
environment, and present some important considerations for cross-
country regressions. First, there is a survey of arguments for
positive as well as negative effects of economic liberalization.
Measurement problems are then considered followed by a number of
model specification issues. Sensitivity tests and potential
econometric problems are also discussed. The main conclusion is that
decomposition is important since different economic freedoms can be
expected to have different effects on growth and the environment, and
are dependent on different interacting factors. The theoretical
insights have a crucial role when it comes to selecting what
empirical issues to take into account since there is a limit to the
number of issues possible to consider. Due to the complexity of the
links, a lot of effort should also be devoted to sensitivity tests.
<p>
JEL Codes: C31 E60 N50 O11 P
Keywords: Cross-country regressions; Economic freedom; Economic growth;
Environmental quality; Institutions
Downloads:
http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:gunwpe:0115&r=agr
Working Papers in Economics / G??teborg University, Department of Economics
*(20)
Resource extraction activity: an intergenerational approach with
asymmetric players
Luca Grilli
Abstract: The problem of resource extraction (both renewable and
nonrenewable) can be studied by considering two important aspects:
competition among extractors and intergenerational equity. In
resource extraction activity actions of present generations influence
the choices of future generation in an obvious way.\\ In order to
capture these features we consider a differential game in which
players are overlapping generations of extractors, in this way both
competition and intergenerational equity are included in the model.\\
An important feature of this model is that, since we consider
overlapping generations, players have asynchronous horizons, in
contrast with a number of studies in intertemporal exploitation of
resources in which players have identical time horizons.\\ The
framework of overlapping generation allows us to consider
intragenerational (players in the same generation) and
intergenerational (players in different generations) game equilibrium
in the contest of differential games with asynchronous horizons.
Downloads:
http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ufg:qdsems:01-2003&r=agr
Quaderni DSEMS / Dipartimento di Scienze Economiche, Matematiche e
Statistiche, Universita' di Foggia
*(21)
Framework for Assessing the Distribution of Financial Effects of
Environmental Policies
Bengt Kristr?m
Abstract:
Downloads:
http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:slu:sekowp:2003-337&r=agr
Departmental Working Papers / Swedish University of Agricultural
Sciences, Department of Forest Economics
*(22)
Economic effects of environmental concerns in forest management:
An analysis of the cost of achieving the environmental goals
Zhou, Wenchao ; Gong, Peichen
Abstract: This study analyzes the economic effects of environmental
concerns in forest management in the Swedish mountain region. The
environmental concerns include the amount of deadwood, the area of
broad-leaved forest, and the area of old growth forest. The analyses
are performed by formulating a fuzzy linear programming (FLP) model
for an example forest. The model is solved by using the modeling to
generate alternatives (MGA) approach to generate a fixed number of
alternatives. The alternatives generated are maximally different in
the decision space and satisfactory with the timber objective.
Results show that, if the forests are managed to meet the interim
targets for Healthy Forests, the net present value of the profits of
timber production is considerably reduced and this reduction can be
approximately 56 %. The results also show that among the three
environmental goals the deadwood need is most restrictive.
Keywords: generating alternatives, ranking of fuzzy numbers, forest
planning, multiobjective programming, deadwood
Downloads:
http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:slu:sekowp:2003-336&r=agr
Departmental Working Papers / Swedish University of Agricultural
Sciences, Department of Forest Economics
*(23)
National Income and the Environment
Geoffrey Heal ; Bengt Kristr?m
Abstract:
Downloads:
http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:slu:sekowp:2003-332&r=agr
Departmental Working Papers / Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences,
Department of Forest Economics
*(24)
Stated Preference Methods For Environmental Valuation: A Critical
Look
Bengt Krist?m ; Thomas Laitila
Abstract:
Downloads:
http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:slu:sekowp:2002-326&r=agr
Departmental Working Papers / Swedish University of Agricultural
Sciences, Department of Forest Economics
*(25)
Multiple-use tradeoffs in Swedish mountain region forests
Zhou, Wenchao ; Gong, Peichen
Abstract: This study investigates the tradeoffs among different uses of
forests in the Swedish mountain region, where several interest groups
use the forests for different and conflicting objectives. The
tradeoffs information can help the involved interest groups to reach
a rational compromise on the management and utilization of the
forests. A multiobjective linear programming model is formulated; the
considered objectives include (1) maximization of timber yield, (2)
maximization of lich production for reindeer grazing, (3)
maximization of recreation value, and (4) maximization of deadwood
production. A set of efficient solutions is then approximated using
the noninferior set estimation (NISE) method. The results show that
managing the forest to maximize the net present value of the timber
production profits would greatly reduce the volume of deadwood, that
choices between the net present value and deadwood are flexible when
the desired lowest lichen production is close to its maximum, and
that choices between lichen and deadwood production are flexible as
well when the desired net present value is around 93 % of its
maximum.
Keywords: biodiversity, recreation, reindeer grazing, multiobjective
programming, noninferior set estimation, forest planning.
Downloads:
http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:slu:sekowp:2002-320&r=agr
Departmental Working Papers / Swedish University of Agricultural
Sciences, Department of Forest Economics
*(26)
Carbon Dioxide Emissions Embodied in International Trade of Goods
Nadim Ahmad and Andrew Wyckoff
Abstract: Efforts such as the Kyoto Protocol to reduce emissions that may
be linked to climate change focus on six greenhouse gases (GHG).
Carbon dioxide is by far the largest of these by volume, representing
about 80% of the total emissions of these six gases. Almost all
carbon dioxide is emitted during the combustion of fossil fuels and
OECD countries account for over half of the total carbon dioxide
emission in the world while an additional four countries (Brazil,
China, India and Russia) together account for a further quarter of
the global total. Many policies designed to reduce these emissions
set emission reduction goals based on some previous level (e.g. 1990
in the case of Kyoto for many countries) which is used as a benchmark
for success and compliance to the protocol. But changes in emissions
at the national level can occur for many reasons: including the
relocation of production abroad, and/or by import substitution. This
may have a negligible impact on global emissions but, if the imports
use more GHG intensive production processes than the domestically
produced goods that they displace, global emissions could well be
higher. The objective of this paper is to explore the role of trade
in goods in this context by creating an indicator that estimates CO2
emissions related to domestic demand, for 24 countries (responsible
for 80% of global CO2 emissions), as a complement to the more common
indicator of emissions associated with domestic production of
emissions, such as that used in the Kyoto Protocol. Using
conservative assumptions the paper shows that estimates of CO2
emissions generated to satisfy domestic demand in the OECD in 1995
were 5% higher than emissions related to production. To put this
figure into perspective only six countries in the world directly
emitted more CO2 in 1995.
Downloads:http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:stiwps:wp2003-15&r=agr
OECD Science, Technology and Industry Department Working Papers / OECD
Science, Technology and Industry Department
*(27)
A Theory of LTR Junk-food Consumption
Levy, Amnon (University of Wollongong)
Abstract: LTR junk-food consumption balances the marginal satisfaction
with the marginal deterioration of health. An LTR person discounts
the instantaneous marginal satisfaction from junk-food consumption by
its implications for his survival probability. His change rate of
health evaluation is increased (decreased) by junk-food consumption
when health is better (worse) than a critical level. The moderating
direct effects of age and relative price on junk-food consumption may
be amplified, or dimmed, by the change in his health. The stationary
health of a person ignoring his age declines with his time-preference
rate and rises with the marginal effect of junk food on his intrinsic
health-improvement rate.
JEL Codes: I12
Keywords: junk food, health food, relative price, relative taste, risk,
natural recovery, full-capacity income, expected lifetime utility, rational
consumption, health, health value
Downloads:
http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:uow:depec1:wp03-06&r=agr
Economics Working Papers / Department of Economics, University of
Wollongong, Australia
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This report is Copyright 2003 by Angelo Zago (angelo.zago@univr.it).
It is provided as is without any express or implied warranty.
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