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NEP: New Economics Papers
Agricultural Economics
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Edited by: Angelo Zago
http://ideas.repec.org/e/pza49.html
Universita degli Studi di Verona
Date: 2005-10-15
Papers: 8
This document is in the public domain, feel free to circulate it.
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In this issue we have:
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1. Regional Trading Arrangements and the Multilateral Trading
System: Agriculture
OECD
2. Analysis of Non-Tariff Measures: The Case of Prohibitions and
Quotas
Peter Czaga
3. Analysis of Non-Tariff Barriers of Concern to Developing
Countries
OECD
4. Addressing Market-Access Concerns of Developing Countries
arising from Environmental and Health Requirements: Lessons
from National Experiences
Dale Andrew; Karim Dahou; Ronald Steenblik
5. Testing for Separation in Agricultural Household Models and
Unobservable Individual Effects: A Note
Jean-Lois Arcand; B?atrice d'Hombres
6. Local Environmental Groups, the Creation of Social Capital,
and Environmental Policy: Evidence from Vermont
Christopher McGrory Klyza; Andrew Savage; Jonathan Isham
7. Determinants of consumer preferences towards functional foods
with seaweed ingredients
Bernhard Buehrlen; Maurizio Canavari; Barbara Breitschopf
8. Water Pricing Models: a survey
Henrique Monteiro
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1. Regional Trading Arrangements and the Multilateral Trading
System: Agriculture
OECD
Following up a 2003 publication by the Trade Committee, this
paper examines the treatment of agriculture in regional trading
arrangements (RTAs) against the background of treatment under the
multilateral trading system (MTS). This paper describes 18 RTAs
and its findings may not be generalizeable to the 169 RTAs that
have been notified to the WTO. The relationship between the
treatment of agriculture in RTAs and that within the MTS is
complex. This paper contains illustrates the topography of
agricultural treatment within RTAs under four separate headings
including: coverage, domestic support, contingency protection and
sanitary and phytosanitary regulations. This descriptive analysis
is prepared both as a basis for assessing progress on agriculture
in RTAs and as frame of reference for considering the treatment
of agriculture at the multilateral level.
Keywords: regionalism, trade and agriculture
Date: 2005-03-22
URL: http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:traaab:15-en&r=agr
2. Analysis of Non-Tariff Measures: The Case of Prohibitions and
Quotas
Peter Czaga
This study, that investigates two specific types of quantitative
restrictions, namely import prohibitions and quotas, is part of a
broad reflection aimed at learning more about the nature and
scope of non-tariff measures. The analysis reviews information on
these measures contained in the WTO Trade Policy Reviews, WTO
notifications and in various other trade reports. The objective
of the report is to contribute to discussions, particularly on
market access for non-agricultural goods, at the WTO, or
elsewhere. The research revealed that the use of quotas and
prohibitions for economic reasons has declined, but most
countries use prohibitions as part of their regulatory frameworks
for protecting human safety and health or the environment, and
this tendency appears to be increasing. Traders would benefit
from greater transparency of these measures. Also, there are
import bans hampering the international trade in used goods,
whose circumstances and appropriateness in terms of regulatory
efficiency merit scrutiny.
Keywords: non-tariff barriers, prohibitions, quantitative
restrictions, quotas, used goods
Date: 2004-09-27
URL: http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:traaab:6-en&r=agr
3. Analysis of Non-Tariff Barriers of Concern to Developing
Countries
OECD
This paper identifies non-tariff barriers (NTBs) faced by
developing countries in their trade with developed countries and
in South-South trade. The goal is to raise awareness of barriers
that interfere with the ability of developing countries to build
up trade. Data collected and analysed consist of the academic
literature, notifications by developing countries to the
Negotiating Group on Market Access for Non- Agricultural Products
NAMA) of the Doha Development Agenda, business surveys, and
records relating to trade disputes brought before the World Trade
Organization and regional dispute settlement mechanisms. The
chapter identifies the categories and types of measures that are
most reported and the products affected by the reported measures.
Attention is also drawn to developing countries? forwardlooking
export strategies and related potential barriers. Overall, the
chapter highlights similarities and differences in barriers
reported in the data reviewed and compares barriers reported for
trade with developed countries and for trade among developing
countries.
Keywords: market access, non-tariff barriers, developing
countries, Doha Development Agenda, NAMA notifications,
non-tariff measures, regional integration, south-south
trade, surveys, trade disputes
Date: 2005-06-03
URL: http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:traaab:16-en&r=agr
4. Addressing Market-Access Concerns of Developing Countries
arising from Environmental and Health Requirements: Lessons
from National Experiences
Dale Andrew
Karim Dahou
Ronald Steenblik
This report represents the stock-taking of the lessons learned
from a series of twenty OECD case studies which examined specific
market access problems arising from environmental and health
requirements faced by developing country exporters. Together with
a series of UNCTAD case studies and the experiences exchanged at
an OECD Global Forum on Trade workshop, held in New Delhi in
November 2002, the focus is on the approaches that contributed to
addressing the market access difficulties. These are divided into
two sections: first, those addressing information flows and
capacity building needs of developing-country exporters,
undertaken both by governments and non-governmental organisations;
and then the procedures in developing, implementing and
reviewing regulations and standards. While covering a range of
natural resource-based exports and manufactures and one traded
service in key OECD import markets, no generalisation can be
drawn regarding the scale of the market-access problems created
by environmental and health requirements.
Keywords: environment, regulations, market access, standards,
developing countries, capacity building
Date: 2004-09-24
URL: http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:traaab:5-en&r=agr
5. Testing for Separation in Agricultural Household Models and
Unobservable Individual Effects: A Note
Jean-Lois Arcand
B?atrice d'Hombres
When market structure is complete, factor demands by households
will be independent of their characteristics, and households will
take their production decisions as if they were profit-maximizing
firms. This observation constitutes the basis for one of the most
popular empirical tests for complete markets, commonly known as
the 'separation' hypothesis. In this paper, we show that all
existing tests for separation using panel data are potentially
biased towards rejecting the null-hypothesis of complete markets,
because of the failure to adequately control for unobservable
individual effects. Since the variable on which the test for
separation is based cannot be identified in most panel datasets
following the usual covariance transformations, and is likely to
be correlated with the individual effect, neither the within nor
the variance-components procedures are able to solve the problem.
We show that the Hausman-Taylor (1981) estimator, in which the
impact of covariates that are invariant along one dimension of a
panel can be identified through the use of covariance
transformations of other included variables that are orthogonal
to the individual effects as instruments, provides a simple
solution. We furnish an empirical illustration in which
separation ?and thus the null of complete markets? is
strongly rejected using the standard approach, but is not
rejected once correlated unobservable individual effects are
controlled for using the Hausman-Taylor instrument set.
Keywords: Panel data, individual effects, household models,
testing for incomplete markets, development
microeconomics, Tunisia
JEL: D1 D2 D3 D4
Date: 2005-10-11
URL: http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wpa:wuwpmi:0510007&r=agr
6. Local Environmental Groups, the Creation of Social Capital,
and Environmental Policy: Evidence from Vermont
Christopher McGrory Klyza
Andrew Savage
Jonathan Isham
Scholars who have studied local environmental groups and their
effects in the United States have tended to agree about three
related, stylized facts: that such groups are widespread, that
they are pursuing a diverse set of activities, and, at least
implicitly, that they are creating social capital that
significantly affects environmental policy and outcomes. However,
a healthy skepticism of these claims among academics and within
the policy community exists due to a lack of significant data to
verify them. In this article, (1) we collect and interpret data
to demonstrate, in two counties of central Vermont, that local
environmental groups are indeed pursuing a diverse set of
activities, developing a typology of these groups based on their
main focus; (2) we show the groups are developing and maintaining
social capital; and (3) we illustrate how these methodologies can
enhance the literature on local environmental groups by testing
claims about the extent and influence of these groups.
Keywords: local environmental groups, social capital, local
organizations, Vermont
URL: http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mdl:mdlpap:0407r&r=agr
7. Determinants of consumer preferences towards functional foods
with seaweed ingredients
Bernhard Buehrlen (Fraunhofer-Institute Systems & Innovation
Research ISI)
Maurizio Canavari (Dipartimento di Economia e Ingegneria
agrarie DEIAgra , Alma Mater Studiorum-Universit? di
Bologna)
Barbara Breitschopf (Institute for Economic Policy Research,
Section System Dynamics & Innovation, University of
Karlsruhe)
JEL: P Q Z
Date: 2005-10-08
URL: http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wpa:wuwpot:0510001&r=agr
8. Water Pricing Models: a survey
Henrique Monteiro (Department of Economics & Din?mia ?
ISCTE)
This paper surveys water pricing models, highlighting some
important results. Efficiency rquires marginal cost pricing.
Intra-annual price changes or customer differentiation to reflect
differences in marginal costs can enhance efficiency. A marginal
cost pricing mechanism may signal the value that consumers
attribute to further capacity expansions as the water supply
system approaches its capacity limit and marginal cost rises.
However, pure marginal cost pricing may not be feasible while
respecting a revenue requirement because marginal costs may be
higher or lower than average costs. The most common ways of
combining efficiency and revenue requirements are through the use
of two-part tariffs, adjusting the fixed charge to meet the
revenue requirement, or through second-best pricing like Ramsey
pricing. It is not evident whether the best scheme is a two-part
tariff or some other pricing mechanism. The role of block rate
pricing, increasingly more frequent in actual pricing practices,
is yet to be fully investigated.
Keywords: water pricing models; capacity constraints; scarcity;
revenue requirements; second-best pricing; block rate
pricing
JEL: L95 Q25
Date: 2005-10-13
URL: http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wpa:wuwpot:0510002&r=agr
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