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NEP: New Economics Papers
Agricultural Economics
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Edited by: Angelo Zago
http://ideas.repec.org/e/pza49.html
Universita degli Studi di Verona
Date: 2006-09-23
Papers: 17
This document is in the public domain, feel free to circulate it.
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In this issue we have:
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1. Financing Agricultural Development: The Political Economy of
Public Spending on Agriculture in Sub-Saharan Africa
Palaniswamy, Nethra; Birner, Regina
2. Diffusion of information among small-scale farmers in Senegal:
the concept of Farmer Field Schools
Witt, Rudolf; Waibel, Hermann; Pemsl, Diemuth E.
3. The Pathways out of Poverty in Rural Indonesia ? an
empirical assessment
McCulloch, Neil; Weisbrod, Julian; Timmer, Peter
4. The role of food from natural resources in reducing
vulnerability to poverty: a case study from Zimbabwe
Mith?fer, Dagmar; Waibel, Hermann; Akinnifesi, Festus
5. Trade liberalization under CAFTA: An Analysis of the
Agreement With Special Reference to Agriculture and
Smallholders in Central America
Morley, Samuel
6. The role of agriculture in development: Implications for Sub-
Saharan Africa
Diao, Xinshen; Hazell, Peter; Resnick, Danielle; Thurlow,
James
7. Rural vulnerability in Serbia
Ersado, Lire
8. Public investment to reverse Dutch disease: The Case of Chad
Levy, Stephanie
9. Fairtrade and market failures in agricultural commodity
markets
Ronchi, Loraine
10. From "best practice" to "best fit": A Framework for
Analyzing Pluralistic Agricultural Advisory Services Worldwide
Birner, Regina; Davis, Kristin; Pender, John; Nkonya,
Ephraim; Anandajayasekeram, Ponniah; Ekboir, Javier; Mbabu,
Adiel; Spielman, David; Horna, Daniela; Benin, Samuel; Cohen,
Marc J.
11. Conflict, food insecurity, and globalization:
Messer, Ellen; Cohen, Marc J.
12. Insights from poverty maps for development and food relief
program targeting: an application to Malawi
Benson, Todd
13. Village inequality in Western China: Implications for
Development Strategy in Lagging Regions
Xing, Li; Fan, Shenggen; Luo, Xiaopeng; Zhang, Xiaobo
14. Contingent Valuation Analysis of Willingness to Pay To
Reduce Childhood Obesity
John Cawley
15. Lake Drawdown: A Debate on the Value of 2 Inches of Water
Russell Kashian
16. Credit for what? Informal credit as a coping strategy of
market women in northern Ghana
Schindler, Kati
17. The welfare economics of optional water metering with
asymmetric information
Simon Cowan
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1. Financing Agricultural Development: The Political Economy of
Public Spending on Agriculture in Sub-Saharan Africa
Palaniswamy, Nethra
Birner, Regina
Acknowledging that the agricultural sector can play an important
role as an engine of pro-poor growth in Sub-Saharan Africa, the
purpose of this paper is to identify the factors that influence
the ?political will? of governments to support this sector.
The concept of ?political resources? from the political
science literature is used to guide the analysis, as it combines
the insights from state-centered and society-centered approaches
to explain agricultural policies. Drawing on panel data covering
14 Sub-Saharan African countries over the period 1980-2001, we
present empirical evidence showing that political factors play an
important role in determining government?s commitment to
supporting agricultural development. We use a measure of
democracy that varies both across countries and within countries
over time. Estimates are presented for separate samples of
democracies and non-democracies, and for a pooled sample of all
countries and years irrespective of the democratic status. Our
results suggest that the rural poor do exercise electoral
leverage in democracies; larger rural population shares are
associated with higher spending on agriculture in democracies but
not in authoritarian regimes. We also find evidence consistent
with the theoretical prior that larger farmers tend to be better
organized in interest groups. Specifically, we find that the
share of traditional agricultural exports such as coffee and
cocoa in the total value of exports, which may be an indicator
for the ability of farmers? to organize themselves as interest
groups, induces greater spending on agriculture. This result
holds true for both democracies and nondemocracies.
JEL: H3 H5 O13 Q18
Date: 2006
URL: http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:gdec06:4727&r=agr
2. Diffusion of information among small-scale farmers in Senegal:
the concept of Farmer Field Schools
Witt, Rudolf
Waibel, Hermann
Pemsl, Diemuth E.
Recent research on the Farmer Field School (FFS) approach in
agriculture in developing countries has raised some doubts on the
economic impacts of this concept and especially the knowledge
diffusion effects from trained to non-trained farmers. Based on a
study in Senegal this paper hypothesizes that the question of the
project placement strategy is vital when analyzing knowledge
diffusion effects of FFS in Africa. Results show that the share
of trained farmers in a community is a decisive factor for
adoption behavior and knowledge diffusion. It is concluded that
when introducing an FFS, a critical mass of trained farmers is
important to attain effective dissemination of information and to
generate positive stimuli for adoption and learning among non-
participants.
Keywords: Africa, Senegal, agricultural extension, Farmer Field
School, diffusion
Date: 2006
URL: http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:gdec06:4753&r=agr
3. The Pathways out of Poverty in Rural Indonesia ? an
empirical assessment
McCulloch, Neil
Weisbrod, Julian
Timmer, Peter
Since most poor live in rural areas, primarily engaged in low
productivity farm activity, the pathway out of poverty must be
strongly connected to productivity increases, whether they are
realised in farming, rural non-farm enterprises or via urban
migration. By utilizing the IFLS panel dataset for 1993 and 2000
from Indonesia, this paper shows, using empirical techniques,
which pathways out of poverty were most successful in
Indonesia?s past. Our findings suggest that the increased
engagement of rural farmers in rural non-farm enterprises is a
key way to alleviate rural poverty.
Date: 2006
URL: http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:gdec06:4752&r=agr
4. The role of food from natural resources in reducing
vulnerability to poverty: a case study from Zimbabwe
Mith?fer, Dagmar
Waibel, Hermann
Akinnifesi, Festus
Vulnerability to poverty is a major problem in the rural areas
of Sub Saharan Africa. Rural Households are confronted with
various covariate and idiosyncratic shocks and are often severely
constrained in coping with such events. They frequently resort to
food from natural resources such as indigenous fruits during
times of crisis. The availability of such food sources is
increasingly at risk due to deforestation and biodiversity loss.
The objective of this paper is to quantify the contribution of
indigenous fruit trees towards reducing vulnerability to food
insecurity and poverty. The methodology used is a multi-period
stochastic household income model. The data were collected in a
case study in Zimbabwe using detailed monthly income and
expenditure records of a sample of 39 rural households in two
areas. The two regions differ in their agricultural system. In
one area horticulture, off-farm activities and exotic fruits are
a major source of income while in the other area indigenous
fruits are a more important source of income. This paper
concentrates on the latter area. Model calculations show that
rural households in Zimbabwe are highly vulnerable to seasonal
fluctuations in income and therefore a critical period where
households run high risk of being food insecure can be identified.
While indigenous fruits, as a low cost natural resource, can
facilitate income smoothing, the role of other sources of income
must not be neglected. The paper concludes that diversified
season-specific income generating portfolios must be designed of
which indigenous fruit trees have a role to play.
Keywords: Vulnerability, poverty, food security, seasonal
fluctuations, wild food resources, Zimbabwe
Date: 2006
URL: http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:gdec06:4751&r=agr
5. Trade liberalization under CAFTA: An Analysis of the
Agreement With Special Reference to Agriculture and
Smallholders in Central America
Morley, Samuel
"This paper is a description and an analysis of trade
liberalization under CAFTA. It shows that in the short run the
impact of the agreement is likely to be small... Since the U.S.
already grants tariff-free access under the CBI, trade
liberalization in the CAFTA treaty appears to be asymmetric, with
most of the tariff reductions being granted by the Central
American countries. That is misleading for two reasons. First
there really were some significant tariff barriers in the United
States for agricultural commodities under the CBI. Many of these
are removed under CAFTA. Second, the current favorable special
treatment of the five Central American countries under the CBTPA
and the CBI will expire in 2008 if CAFTA is not implemented.
CAFTA makes permanent the tariff concessions of the CBI and the
liberalized rules of origin of the CBTPA... The fact that the
tariff reductions and TRQs granted by the Central American
countries under CAFTA will not cause significant price reductions
does not mean that domestic producers will be unaffected by the
agreement. In the long run the level of protection of many
important commodities such as rice, pork and poultry will be
significantly lower. But the tariff reductions in these sectors
are gradual. That gives farmers time to adjust and to become more
competitive. What will be critical from a policy perspective is
that this time is used wisely to increase productivity, switch to
more profitable crops and take advantage of the new opportunities
opened up by CAFTA.." Authors' Abstract
Keywords: trade liberalization, Agriculture, Smallholders,
Tariff on farm produce, Prices, Crops Economic aspects,
Central America Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA), Caribbean
Basin Initiative (CBI),
Date: 2006
URL: http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:dsgddp:33&r=agr
6. The role of agriculture in development: Implications for Sub-
Saharan Africa
Diao, Xinshen
Hazell, Peter
Resnick, Danielle
Thurlow, James
"This paper provides a nuanced perspective on debates about the
potential for Africa's smallholder agriculture to stimulate
growth and alleviate poverty in an increasingly integrated world.
In particular, the paper synthesizes both the traditional
theoretical literature on agriculture's role in the development
process and discusses more recent literature that remains
skeptical about agriculture's development potential for Africa.
In order to examine in greater detail the relevance for Africa of
both the ?old? and ?new? literatures on agriculture, the
paper provides a typology of African countries based on their
stage of development, agricultural conditions, natural resources,
and geographic location... More broadly, the paper demonstrates
that conventional theory on the role of agriculture in the early
stage of development remains relevant to Africa. While the
continent does face new and different challenges than those
encountered by Asian and Latin American countries during their
successful transformations, most African countries cannot
significantly reduce poverty, increase per capita incomes, and
transform into modern economies without focusing on agricultural
development." from Authors' Abstract
Keywords: Growth-poverty linkages, Smallholders, Poverty
alleviation, Agricultural development Africa,
Agriculture Economic aspects, Ethiopia, Ghana, Rwanda,
Uganda, Zambia,
Date: 2006
URL: http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:dsgddp:29&r=agr
7. Rural vulnerability in Serbia
Ersado, Lire
In the presence of risk and uncertainty, measures such as
poverty rates are inadequate to analyze the well-being of poor
households. The poor are not only concerned about the current low
levels of their income or consumption, but also the likelihood of
experiencing stressful declines in these levels in the future.
Risks to livelihood are particularly important in rural areas
where there is generally high dependence on agriculture and the
environment. In this study, the author analyzes the nature,
extent, and causes of rural vulnerability in Serbia using panel
national household data from the 2002 and 2003 Serbia Living
Standard Surveys. He measures rural vulnerability as a function
of nonstochastic determinants of poverty as well as exposure to
risk. While low levels of consumption (poverty) explain about 70
percent of vulnerability, the author identifies risk and
uncertainty as crucial dimensions of rural life in accounting for
the remaining 30 percent of household vulnerability. Households
and regions with a greater share of their livelihood depending on
agricultural activities are more at risk of vulnerability than
those with a significantly higher share of their income coming
from nonagricultural sources. Dependence on agricultural income
is directly associated with higher aggregate risk, underscoring
the agricultural sector?s lopsided exposure to covariate shocks
in general, and the negative impact of the 2003 drought in
particular. Rural vulnerability to poverty and risk is also
strongly associated with asset ownership and access to markets to
mobilize them in time of need.
Keywords: Rural Poverty Reduction,Population Policies,Pro-Poor
Growth and Inequality,Services & Transfers to Poor
Date: 2006-09-01
URL: http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:4010&r=agr
8. Public investment to reverse Dutch disease: The Case of Chad
Levy, Stephanie
"This paper studies the relevance of agricultural policies for
avoiding Dutch Disease, which affects many less developed
countries experiencing a resource boom. Using a computable
general equilibrium model calibrated for Chad, we study the
impact of using this country's annual oil revenue for public
investment, particularly in the development of road and
irrigation infrastructure. Our model takes into account the
integration of markets and migration processes. We find that
improving water access would reduce Chad's dependence on food aid
and entail a substantial improvement in rural household welfare."
Author's Abstract
Keywords: Agricultural policies, Computable general equilibrium (
CGE), infrastructure, Public investment, Rural
households, Market integration, trade, Road
construction Economic aspects,
Date: 2006
URL: http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:dsgddp:35&r=agr
9. Fairtrade and market failures in agricultural commodity
markets
Ronchi, Loraine
This paper concerns an NGO intervention in agricultural
commodity markets known as Fairtrade. Fairtrade pays producers a
minimum unit price and provides capacity building support to
member cooperative organizations. Fairtrade ' s organizational
capacity support targets those factors believed to reduce the
commodity producer ' s share of returns. Specifically, Fairtrade
justifies its intervention in markets like coffee by claiming
that market power and a lack of capacity in producer
organizations ' marks down ' the prices producers receive. As the
market share of Fairtrade coffee grows in importance, its
intervention in commodity markets is of increasing interest.
Using an original data set collected from fieldwork in Costa Rica,
this paper assesses the role of Fairtrade in overcoming the
market factors it claims limits producer returns. Features of the
Costa Rican input market for coffee permit a generalization of
the results. The empirical results find that market power is a
limiting factor in the Costa Rican market and that Fairtrade does
improve the efficiency of cooperatives, thereby increasing the
returns to producers. These results do not depend on the minimum
price policy of Fairtrade and therefore can inform on its
organizational support activities. Finally, the results also
suggest that producers selling to vertically integrated,
multinational coffee mills face lower producer price ' mark-downs
' compared with domestically owned non-cooperative mills. This
result contradicts the popular view that the increasing
concentration of vertically integrated multinational firms
accounts for a decline in producers ' share of coffee returns.
Keywords: Markets and Market Access,Crops & Crop Management
Systems,Access to Markets,Commodities,Economic Theory &
Research
Date: 2006-09-01
URL: http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:4011&r=agr
10. From "best practice" to "best fit": A Framework for
Analyzing Pluralistic Agricultural Advisory Services Worldwide
Birner, Regina
Davis, Kristin
Pender, John
Nkonya, Ephraim
Anandajayasekeram, Ponniah
Ekboir, Javier
Mbabu, Adiel
Spielman, David
Horna, Daniela
Benin, Samuel
Cohen, Marc J.
"The paper develops a framework for the design and analysis of
pluralistic agricultural advisory services and reviews research
methods from different disciplines that can be used when applying
the framework. Agricultural advisory services are defined in the
paper as the entire set of organizations that support and
facilitate people engaged in agricultural production to solve
problems and to obtain information, skills and technologies to
improve their livelihoods and well-being... To classify
pluralistic agricultural advisory services, the paper
distinguishes between organizations from the public, the private
and the third sector that can be involved in (a) providing and (b)
financing of agricultural advisory services. The framework for
analyzing pluralistic agricultural advisory services presented in
the paper addresses the need for analytical approaches that help
policy-makers to identify those reform options that best fit
country-specific frame conditions. Thus, the paper supports a
shift from a ?one-size-fits-all? to a ?best fit? approach
in the reform of public services... Based on a review of the
literature, the paper presents a variety of quantitative and
qualitative methodological approaches derived from different
disciplines that can be applied when using the framework in
empirical research projects. The disciplines include agricultural
and institutional economics, communication theory, adult
education, and public administration and management. The paper
intends to inform researchers as well as practitioners, policy-
makers and development partners who are interested in supporting
evidence-based reform of agricultural advisory services. from
Authors' Abstract
Keywords: Agricultural extension work, Pro-poor growth, Capacity
strengthening,
Date: 2006
URL: http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:dsgddp:37&r=agr
11. Conflict, food insecurity, and globalization:
Messer, Ellen
Cohen, Marc J.
"We explore how globalization, broadly conceived to include
international humanrights norms, humanitarianism, and alternative
trade, might influence peaceful and foodsecure outlooks and
outcomes. The paper draws on our previous work on conflict as a
cause and effect of hunger and also looks at agricultural exports
as war commodities. We review studies on the relationships
between (1) conflict and food insecurity, (2) conflict and
globalization, and (3) globalization and food insecurity. Next,
we analyze countrylevel, historical contexts where export crops,
such as coffee and cotton, have been implicated in triggering and
perpetuating conflict. These cases suggest that it is not export
cropping per se, but production and trade structures and food and
financial policy contexts that determine peaceful or belligerent
outcomes. Export cropping appears to contribute to conflict when
fluctuating prices destabilize household and national incomes and
when revenues fund hostilities. Also, in these scenarios,
governments have not taken steps to progressively realize the
right to adequate food or to reduce hunger and poverty. We
conclude by exploring implications for agricultural development,
trade, and human rights policies." Authors' Abstract
Keywords: Hunger, Conflict, war, Globalization, Crops, exports,
coffee, Cotton, Human rights, Right to food, Fair trade,
Date: 2006
URL: http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:fcnddp:206&r=agr
12. Insights from poverty maps for development and food relief
program targeting: an application to Malawi
Benson, Todd
"Poverty mapping applies models of household welfare developed
from detailed household consumption and expenditure surveys to
the extensive but less detailed data from national censuses. A
poverty map for Malawi, developed by drawing upon information
from the 1997?98 Malawi Integrated Household Survey with the
1998 Malawi Population and Housing Census, provides aggregate
estimates of household welfare and poverty at a highly
disaggregated level?down to the level of local government wards.
Given the close association between welfare and food security in
most Malawi households, such a detailed poverty map can be of
considerable value to development and relief organizations, as
they plan and target activities to improve the ability of poor
households to cope with food scarcity. This paper assesses the
value of the Malawi poverty map with reference to two activities
of the World Food Programme (WFP) in Malawi: the Food for Assets
and Development (FFASD) public works program and the
Vulnerability Analysis and Mapping (VAM) food insecurity
information generation system. First, the poverty targeting
efficiency of the FFASD program is evaluated using the poverty
map to determine whether the FFASD projects are preferentially
located in areas where disproportionate numbers of the poor are
found. This is done in part by comparing the poverty targeting
efficiency of the WFP program to that of the Malawi Social Action
Fund Public Works Programme projects. Second, WFP employs the VAM
methodology to determine how and where to employ its resources
from year to year. The potential value of the poverty map as a
component of the VAM process in Malawi is then considered. The
results indicate that the poverty map is an effective and
objective way to geographically target projects and programs on a
poverty basis in Malawi. In assessing household vulnerability to
food insecurity, the poverty map serves as a useful proxy
indicator of spatial variability in the ability of the population
to cope with food scarcity. Poverty maps, in those countries were
they are available, should be a privileged data source for
undertaking any national vulnerability analyses. However, the
poverty map needs to be used with complementary data to better
understand the risks households face that might result in food
scarcity and the actual mechanisms households use to cope with
such stresses." Authors' Abstract
Keywords: Poverty mapping, food security, Malawi, Food relief,
Targeting,
Date: 2006
URL: http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:fcnddp:205&r=agr
13. Village inequality in Western China: Implications for
Development Strategy in Lagging Regions
Xing, Li
Fan, Shenggen
Luo, Xiaopeng
Zhang, Xiaobo
"Increased regional inequality has been a major concern in many
emerging economies like China, India, Vietnam and Thailand.
However, even a large inequality is observed within the lagging
regions. The objective of this paper is to look into what are the
sources of within region inequality using the community surveys
and a census type of households in Western China. This snapshot
view of inequality within and between rural villages in western
China is based on a census-type household survey in three
administrative villages and a sampling survey of 286 natural
villages in the poor province of Guizhou in 2004. In contrast to
coastal regions, nonfarm income is distributed unevenly in this
inland western region. This accounts for the largest share of
overall income inequality. But agriculture is still the rural
people's major source of livelihood in this particular location.
On the expenditure side, health care is one of the most important
sources of inequality. Because rural income is strongly related
to human capital, the uneven access to health care will translate
into a larger income gap in the long run. The analysis based on
the natural village survey indicates that income varies widely
across villages. Access to infrastructure and markets, education,
and political participation explain most of this variation. These
findings have important implications on the future development
strategy in promoting lagging regions development and poverty
reduction. While the overall economic development will be the
main instrument to bring the majority poor out of poverty, a
targeted approach has become increasingly crucial in helping the
poor villages and households. It is critical to understand why
these villages and households can not participate in the growth
process and how development programs and various transfer
programs help them to overcome the constraints they face."
Authors' Abstract
Keywords: Rural development, Poverty reduction, Inequality,
Public investment, China, Asia, Household surveys,
Agriculture, Income Rural areas,
Date: 2006
URL: http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:dsgddp:31&r=agr
14. Contingent Valuation Analysis of Willingness to Pay To
Reduce Childhood Obesity
John Cawley
Several recent surveys have asked Americans whether they support
policies to reduce childhood obesity. There is reason for
skepticism of such surveys because people are not confronted with
the tax costs of such policies when they are asked whether they
support them. This paper uses contingent valuation (CV), a method
frequently used to estimate people's willingness to pay (WTP) for
goods or services not transacted in markets, applied to unique
data from New York State, to estimate the willingness to pay to
reduce childhood obesity. The willingness to pay data have
considerable face validity; they correlate in predictable ways
with observed characteristics of respondents. The mean WTP of New
Yorkers for a 50% reduction in childhood obesity is $47.25, which
implies a total WTP by New York residents of $692.3 million. This
vastly exceeds the implied savings in external costs, suggesting
that the public supports public health initiatives not only to
reduce external costs, but also altruistically. Despite the large
WTP relative to the savings in external costs, the WTP estimated
using the CV techniques in this paper are somewhat lower than
those implied by previous surveys that did not use CV methods.
JEL: I1 I18
Date: 2006-09
URL: http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:12510&r=agr
15. Lake Drawdown: A Debate on the Value of 2 Inches of Water
Russell Kashian (Department of Economics, University of
Wisconsin - Whitewater)
This study uses the hedonic price model to estimate the effect a
change in water level has on the value of real estate on Lake
Koshkonong in Wisconsin. Hedonic techniques are employed to show
that a 2 inch reduction in the lake?s water level had a
significant effect on Lake Koshkonong?s shoreline property
values. The body of existing research demonstrates that changes
in both the subjective and objective indicators of value is
important for estimating the implicit value of water quality in
hedonic analyses. This paper provides new evidence on the
economic harm created by the reduction of water levels and the
concurrent publicity created by the action.
Date: 2006-09
URL: http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:uww:wpaper:06-02&r=agr
16. Credit for what? Informal credit as a coping strategy of
market women in northern Ghana
Schindler, Kati
This paper analyzes the use of informal credit as a coping
strategy against risk by market women in the city of Tamale,
Ghana. Using qualitative research techniques, the analysis
reveals that intra-household structure and allocation decisions
determine these market-based coping strategies. Market women
invest a considerable amount of working hours in maintaining
complex credit networks as a safeguard against extreme risks. As
a policy implication, this research suggests to provide market
women with access to formal, reliable and long-term microfinance
institutions, both to improve their ability to cope with risks
and to reduce the risks they face.
Keywords: micro-credit, informal markets, networks, coping
strategies, intra-household allocation, women, Ghana
JEL: D13 O12 O17
Date: 2006
URL: http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:gdec06:4761&r=agr
17. The welfare economics of optional water metering with
asymmetric information
Simon Cowan
The paper develops a model of decentralized metering decisions
when selective metering is socially optimal. Households choose
between two-part tariffs. Decentralization achieves social
efficiency when the regulator, who knows household
characteristics, gives household-specific compensation (via a
reduction in the lump-sum charge on choosing to have a meter),
while allowing for the cost of metering. Relative to the status
quo of no metering the full-information scheme provides a Pareto
improvement. With asymmetric information the first-best
allocation of meters can be achieved when only small consumers
should have meters. When large consumers alone should be metered
it is not possible to separate customers. An exogenous signal
that is highly correlated with the unknown type can, however,
help to alleviate this problem. The policy of requiring meters to
be provided free is problematic because the first-best allocation
does not enable all the water supplier`s costs to be recovered.
Keywords: Water Metering, Optional, Two-part Tariffs, Asymmetric
Information
JEL: D82 L51 Q25
Date: 2006
URL: http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oxf:wpaper:273&r=agr
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